گروه تخصصی محاسبات و سامانه های توزیع شده انجمن انفورماتیک ایران دوفصلنامه محاسبات و سامانه های توزیع شده 2645-4416 9 1 2026 08 23 Programming Languages in Blockchain: A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Smart Contract Development Paradigms Programming Languages in Blockchain:A Comprehensive Comparative Analysis of Smart Contract Development Paradigms 51 63 247249 FA عطیه زاهد خیابان مدرس- کوچه سیاست 5- پلاک 27- منزل آقای سخی 0000-0002-7275-8449 Journal Article 2026 06 02 Smart contract programming languages represent a critical frontier in blockchain technology, demanding rigorous analysis of language design, security features, and runtime semantics. This survey presents a systematic examination of programming languages used for smart contract development across major blockchain platforms, with emphasis on formal verification capabilities, type system properties, vulnerability resistance, and ecosystem maturity. We analyze Solidity and Vyper (Ethereum Virtual Machine), Rust (Solana, Polkadot, NEAR), Move (Aptos, Sui), Cairo (StarkNet), Plutus and Haskell (Cardano), Michelson (Tezos), and Clarity (Stacks), evaluating each language against dimensions including static analysis properties, gas/weight models, resource management, concurrency semantics, and common vulnerability patterns. When viewed through the lens of High-Performance Computing (HPC), smart contract execution introduces unique challenges related to latency, transaction ordering, and maintaining global state consistency across a decentralized network. Therefore, the design choices within these languages—specifically concerning memory management, parallelism handling, and deterministic execution—mirror core concerns in distributed systems engineering. We analyze languages across major platforms, emphasizing their formal verification capabilities, type system properties, and runtime performance metrics relevant to distributed execution efficiency. Smart contract programming languages represent a critical frontier in blockchain technology, demanding rigorous analysis of language design, security features, and runtime semantics. This survey presents a systematic examination of programming languages used for smart contract development across major blockchain platforms, with emphasis on formal verification capabilities, type system properties, vulnerability resistance, and ecosystem maturity. We analyze Solidity and Vyper (Ethereum Virtual Machine), Rust (Solana, Polkadot, NEAR), Move (Aptos, Sui), Cairo (StarkNet), Plutus and Haskell (Cardano), Michelson (Tezos), and Clarity (Stacks), evaluating each language against dimensions including static analysis properties, gas/weight models, resource management, concurrency semantics, and common vulnerability patterns. When viewed through the lens of High-Performance Computing (HPC), smart contract execution introduces unique challenges related to latency, transaction ordering, and maintaining global state consistency across a decentralized network. Therefore, the design choices within these languages—specifically concerning memory management, parallelism handling, and deterministic execution—mirror core concerns in distributed systems engineering. We analyze languages across major platforms, emphasizing their formal verification capabilities, type system properties, and runtime performance metrics relevant to distributed execution efficiency. smart contract languages Blockchain Security formal verification type systems Vulnerability Analysis programming language design Solidity Rust move Cairo https://www.jdcs.ir/article_247249_5baf2ee676f607d916cb03a512ba9a54.pdf